Insurance Marketing: Creating a successful marketing strategy for the insurance industry in Sierra Leone

DESCRIPTION GENERAL:

A common perception about security in most African countries is that companies often do not meet contracts with the policy when insured losses occur, and often use these fine prints embedded in insurance contracts to deny claims or substantially reduce claims payments. Such is the refrain heard not only among policyholders and customers, but with alarming regularity from the general public thus resulting in the penetration rate of adverse and under insurance products and services in most African countries.

Although several factors can be easily identified as drivers of this perception as the lack of proper understanding of the insurance contract, its terms and conditions, limitations, coverages, deductibles and exclusions including legal and regulatory framework in different countries, the focus of this article is the role of marketing and sales of insurance including technological, regulatory and management strategies can be used as an effective educational vehicle to change the perception not only previous but to make the claims process more transparent and beneficial to the insured.

There is therefore a direct consequence between the commercialization of safe, the expertise of the agent, the types of coverages and policies available and if a claim is denied or underpaid in the case of an insured loss.

THE SIERRA LEONE CASE STUDY:

For decades, marketing Insurance products and services in Sierra Leone has revolved mainly in the agency "direct" method, where companies work with salaries of agents or contractors independent commission on sales care to sell only its products and the market. The marketing of life insurance products, property and policies liability, such as fire, marine, accident and the policies were always allies on all marketed by these agents of the company.

For example, while I worked at the National Insurance Company (NIC) from 1981 to 1985, sales of the company of pictures was the Bureau of marketing sometimes with little or no technical knowledge of the complexities of risk management and insurance coverage for products sold only political and goods. The often unpleasant task in advising policyholders that their claims were not covered in the terms of the insurance contract was generally our responsibility for the claims department. By then, it had become too late to remedy as adequate coverage is not sold to the insured agents or alternative policy "umbrella" that could have covered all that there were shortcomings in the policy are not available to sell or explained to the policyholder. Especially the lack of coverage issues, adequacy of coverage of the claimed losses resulted in the denial or underpayment of claims.

The sales function of these agents focused mainly on the marketing of products or policies of differentiation products with little or no creativity in design and marketing to meet the contemporary risks faced by a country like Sierra Leone, emerging from decade-long civil war and the longing for creative policies to address their development aspirations.

For example, the old "Kebbay" Insurance syndrome, is practiced in Sierra Leone, where an insurance company became so famous in the practice of charging premium car customers without type of claims for payment when the accident occurred concomitantly. This practice is so prevalent in the market for Sierra Leone of Insurance of the decade of 1970-1990 more avoided raising its ugly head in today's market.

Marketing as defined by the American Marketing Association (AMA) is carrying out activities business that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to final consumer. Victim's property and liability insurance market, however, includes not only sales of the traditional marketing function but incorporates services such as customer needs analysis, market segmentation, development and distribution of products to be incorporated into a successful marketing mix.

INSURANCE MARKETING:

A fundamental principle of insurance marketing dictates that insurance products and policies should be marketed and sold primarily on the basis of need security and the ability of the insurance product and policy suitable to provide financial security for casualty losses. In addition, new sources of production business, including new ways to sell insurance policies of age and traditional products in connection with the marketing of new services, such as management risk, loss control and loss adjusting services should be pursued by the insurance companies.

However, in some lines of insurance, a compulsion governmental law or regulation to ensure the driving factor. For example, the purchase of auto liability insurance is required by law in most jurisdictions around the world. The requirement proposed recently advocated a policy of title insurance on property transactions roots in Sierra Leone and a national health insurance policy or workers' compensation insurance are all examples of this legal requirement mandatory.

To a large extent they have, and continue the services principles and absent in the marketing mix of insurance products in Sierra Leone, resulting in the recent spectacular failures in the introduction of new products and or failures in market penetration of alternative policies on the market several new insurance. For example, the failure of several insurance companies including the spectacular failure of the country's largest insurance company, National Insurance Company (NIC) in order to introduce and market effective national policy for social security (Nicaro) since 2004 is a case study of a monumental failure that requires a marketing analysis future article.

The sales function:

To succeed, however, an insurance producer / agent has to develop other skills, in addition to sales skills including:

1) Technical expertise in insurance principles and coverages, such as customers tend to rely on their agents for guidance in selecting the combination appropriate insurance products and identification of gaps in coverage.

2) Skills in the analysis of consumer needs through techniques identifying risk management and adaptation of insurance programs are a prerequisite.

The first step in managing the risk of a consumer needs is through the identification and analysis of risks to which the loss of a client or subject is exposed through a survey of insurance. The agent must be able to educate and sufficient knowledge of the impact of loss exposures and coverages available client and other unsafe transfer mechanisms for client.

SALES MANAGEMENT:

In general, the concept of management insurance sales involved the active participation and direction gives the sales force by management to ensure the nature and quantity of the desired business insurance company. This involves the determination of the direction:

1) The segments of the market available that can be reached more effectively by agents of the company.

2) The nature of the product or policy will be more attractive to the market segments and more profitable to the insurer.

3) How best to select, train and motivate the producers and agents to sell to the market segments.

The selection of geographic, demographic and / or industrial market segments to target in the marketing of insurance products guarantee effective market segmentation and use resources effectively. Demographic groups can be defined by such characteristics as age, income, occupation and sex.

With the use of this technique, for example, various insurance coverages for the health, medical, accident, disability and workers' compensation to name a few, could be adapted and offered to segments such as government officials, parliamentarians, teachers, academics, health care providers, brokers Okada and farmers around the country. The same could apply to the security sector, including policies specifically designed to meet the needs of military and police forces.

Moreover, by using techniques of product differentiation in their marketing mix, a company Insurance may maintain and increase market share. These can be done to modify the standard coverage provisions in the contract, charge a different price and providing a different level of service than the competition.

TECHNOLOGIES:

With the progressive installation of computers in insurance companies in Sierra Leone, new technologies are poised to play an important role in the coordination of marketing strategies, planning and studies, including new products and services, consumer attitudes, market potential and sales forecasts. The use of computers for not taking into account only the statistical analysis marketing and pricing and issuing policies and endorsements, but also insurance should be followed by individual firms.

The establishment of a marketing database of insurance companies separately and apart from the underwriting and claims databases is a step in the right direction in the implementation of the new marketing strategy.

CHALLENGES OF MARKETING:

The challenge therefore facing the local industry is the need for diversification insurance products best suited and appropriate to meet the needs and development. Because while the insurance industry can play an important role and criticism of the development process of a nation, the challenge currently facing is the way our insurance professionals respond creatively introducing insurance policies, marketing tools and techniques to provide the basis for the country's sustained economic development.

In the U.S. there are four systems distinguished by marketing the property and liability insurance. These include:

Independent agency system.

The exclusive agency system (also known as the captive agency system).

The direct writing system.

The direct system mail.

The system mainly used in the insurance market in Sierra Leone is the direct writing system in which individual companies employ its agents and employees paid exclusively market only its policies. However, if the insurance market in Sierra Leone is to survive and grow, as new players and products such as national health insurance and national identity scheme Title insurance is entering the market, then the development of a new breed of producers, agents and marketing systems must be pursued to avoid the failures of recent presentations of the new policy. These should include and incorporate direct mail agencies and technology systems.

For purposes of this objective should be a new marketing sales force recruited and trained in the complexities of insurance business and policies being introduced and marketed under actual production objectives, policies and marketing strategies and implementation of an ad and promoting the campaign.

About the Author

The author, Mr. Kortor Kamara has over 25 years experience in the insurance industry both in Sierra Leone and the United States. He is a Chartered Property & Casualty Insurer and holds the Workers Compensation Claims Professional (WCCP) designation. He is a Member of the Chartered Insurance Institute (London); Certified Self-Insurance Claims Administrator-State of California; Registered World Bank Consultant and has served as a Consultant on various Insurance initiatives in Sierra Leone, including design of the country’s first Title Insurance Policy.

In addition, Mr. Kamara is a graduate of Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, 1978-1981; studied Law at both the Univerisity of West Los Angeles School of Law and the California Southern School of Law in Riverside. He is currently a Doctoral Candidate in Insurance and Risk Management.

Through association with Saddleback Re, were he serves as the Regional Manager, Africa Division, Mr. Kamara is intimately involved in the provision of reinsurance coverage, policy design, loss control, training and risk management services to the African Insurance marketplace. Mr. Kamara can be contacted at KortorKamara@yahoo.com.
www.saddlebackre.com.

Agent Trailer | Edy Roberts | www.edyroberts.com | Pasadena Realtor Broker Agent

Bisphenol A

Synthesis
Bisphenol A was first reported by AP Dianin in 1891.
Prepared by the condensation of acetone (hence the suffix in the name) with two equivalents of phenol. The reaction is catalyzed by an acid such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) or a sulfonated polystyrene resin. For Usually, a large excess of phenol is used to ensure complete condensation:
(CH3) 2CO + 2 C6H5OH (CH3) 2C (C6H4OH) 2 + H2O
A large number of ketones undergo similar condensation reactions. The method is efficient and the only byproduct is water.
Use
More information: Polycarbonate
Repetition unit chemical structure of polycarbonate from bisphenol A
Bisphenol A is mainly used to make plastics and plastic products containing bisphenol A-is have been trading for over 50 years. This is a key monomer in production of epoxy resins and the most common form polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate, which is clear and nearly unbreakable, is used to make a variety of common products, including baby bottles and water sports equipment, medical devices and dental fillings and sealants, eyeglasses, CDs and DVDs, and home electronics. BPA is also used in the synthesis of polysulfones and polyether ketones, such as an antioxidant in some plasticizers, and as a polymerization inhibitor in PVC. The epoxy resins containing bisphenol A is used as a coating on the inside of almost all cans of food and beverages, however, due to health problems BPA in the epoxy coating Japan was mostly replaced by PET film. Bisphenol A is also a precursor to resistance to fire, tetrabromobisphenol A, and was used as a fungicide. Bisphenol A is a preferred color developer on thermal paper and carbonless copy paper.
Global production of bisphenol A in 2003 was estimated at over 2 million tonnes. In the U.S., is manufactured by Bayer MaterialScience, Dow Chemical Company, SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly GE Plastics), Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Chemicals and Sunoco. In 2004, these companies produce just over 1 million tonnes bisphenol A, compared to only 7,260 tons in 1991. In 2003, U.S. annual consumption was 856,000 tons, 72% of which was used to make plastics polycarbonate and ranges from 21% in epoxy resins.
Identifying plastics
Main article: Identification Code resin
Some Type 7 plastics can leach bisphenol A
Some type 3 plastics can leach bisphenol A
There are seven types of plastics used in packaging applications. Type 7 is the catchall "other" class, and some type 7 plastics such as polycarbonate (sometimes identified with the letters "PC" near the recycling symbol) and epoxy resins made from bisphenol A monomer.
Type 3 (PVC) may also contain bisphenol A as antioxidant in plasticizers.
Types 1 (PET), 2 (HDPE), 4 (LDPE), 5 (polypropylene) and 6 (polystyrene) do not use bisphenol A during polymerization or package forming. [Citation required]
Health Effects
Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor, which can mimic the body's own hormones and can lead to negative health effects. Development of the first period seems to be more sensitive to its effects. Regulatory agencies have determined the levels of safety for humans, but levels safety are being questioned or examined, as a result of new scientific studies.
In 2009 the Endocrine Society issued a statement expressing concern science on human exposure to BPA current.
Previous studies
In 2007, with the consensus of 38 experts on bisphenol A concluded that average levels in people are higher than those that cause harm to animals in laboratory experiments. A panel convened by the National Institutes of Health U.S. determined that there was "Some concern" about BPA effects on fetal brain development and child behavior. A 2008 U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel, expressing "concern about the effects on the brain, behavior and prostate gland in fetuses, infants and children at current human exposure to bisphenol A, "and" minimal concern for effects on the mammary gland and an earlier age early puberty for females in fetuses, infants and children at current human exposures to bisphenol A. "The NTP had" negligible concern that exposure pregnant women to bisphenol A will result in fetal or neonatal mortality, birth defects or low birth weight and growth in children. "
Obesity
A 2008 review concluded that obesity may increase as a function of exposure to BPA, which "deserves the concern among scientists and the public health officials. "A 2009 review of available studies concluded that" perinatal BPA exposure acts to exert persistent effects on weight and adiposity. Another 2009 review concluded that "The elimination of exposure to (BPA) and the improvement of nutrition in development offer the potential to reduce obesity and associated diseases. "Other reviews have reached similar conclusions. A subsequent study in rats suggested that perinatal exposure drinking water containing 1 mg / L of BPA increased adipogenesis in females at weaning.
Neurological problems
A panel convened by the National Institutes of U.S. Health determined that there was "some concern" about BPA effects on fetal brain development and child behavior. A report 2008 U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel, expressing "concern about the effects on the brain." In January 2010, the FDA expressed the same level of concern.
A 2007 review concluded that BPA, like other xenoestrogens, should be considered as a player within the nervous system that can regulate or modify their functions through multiple pathways. A 2007 review concluded that low doses of BPA during development persistent effects on brain structure, function and behavior in rats and mice. A 2008 review concluded that low-dose maternal exposure to BPA causes long-term consequences on the level of neurobehavioral development in mice. A 2008 review concluded that neonatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) may affect sexually dimorphic brain morphology and neuronal phenotypes in adulthood. A 2008 review concluded that BPA altered the long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and even nanomolar doses could have significant effects on memory processes. A 2009 review expressed concern about the effect of BPA in the periventricular nucleus anteroventral.
A 2008 study by Yale School of Medicine showed that adverse neurological effects occur in nonhuman primates exposed regularly to bisphenol A at levels equal to (EPA), the maximum United States Environmental Protection Agency Insurance 50 g / kg / day. This research found a connection between BPA and interference with brain cell connections vital to memory, learning and mood.
Highly claims have disputed that BPA may be involved in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The alteration of the dopaminergic system
A review 2005 concluded that prenatal and neonatal exposure to BPA in mice can enhance central dopaminergic systems, resulting in hypersensitivity to drugs of abuse induced effects of reward and hyperlocomotion.
A 2008 review concluded that BPA mimics estrogen activity and the effects of different dopamine processes to enhance mesolimbic dopamine activity resulting in hyperactivity, attention deficit, and increased sensitivity to drugs of abuse.
A 2009 study in rats has found that prenatal and neonatal exposure to low doses of BPA results in the development deficit in the dorsolateral striatum by altering the dopamine receptor function. Another 2009 study found associated changes in the dopaminergic system.
Thyroid function
A review of 2007 has concluded that bisphenol-A has been shown to bind to the thyroid hormone receptor and perhaps have selective effects on their functions.
A review of 2009 on chemicals in the environment and thyroid function, expressed concern about the effects of triiodothyronine BPA and concluded that "the available evidence suggests that governing bodies need to regulate the use of chemicals that alter thyroid, especially as those uses relate the exposure of women pregnant women, newborns and young children to the cops. "
A 2009 review summarizes the adverse effects of BPA on thyroid hormone action.
Cancer research
According to WHO INFOSAN, "Animal studies have provided convincing evidence of cancer risk from exposure of BPA. "
Neither the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the International Agency for Research on Cancer has evaluated the possible existence of bisphenol A carcinogenesis.
Breast cancer
More information: Risk factors for breast cancer # bisphenol A
A 2008 review concluded "The perinatal exposure to low doses of (...) (..) BPA alters breast development and breast cancer risk increases." Another review of 2008 concluded that "animal experiments and epidemiological data strengthen the hypothesis that fetal exposure to xenoestrogens may be an underlying cause of most breast cancer incidence observed in the last 50 years. "
A 2009 in vitro study has concluded that BPA is capable of inducing neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells. Another 2009 study concluded that oral maternal exposure to low concentrations of BPA during lactation increases carcinogenesis breast in a rodent model.
Neuroblastoma
In vitro studies have suggested that BPA can promote the growth of neuroblastoma cells. An in vitro study in 2010 reached to the conclusion that BPA potent promoter of invasion and metastasis of neuroblastoma cells through the overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and downregulation of TIMP2.
Development of prostate cancer
A 1997 study in mice has found that neonatal exposure to 2 g BPA / Kg increased adult prostate. A 2005 study in mice has found that neonatal BPA exposure to 10 g / kg disrupted the development of prostate fetal mouse. A 2006 study on rats have shown that bisphenol A neonatal exposure to 10 g / kg increases susceptibility to prostate gland Adult precancerous lesions and hormonal carcinogenesis. A 2007 in vitro study found that BPA in the range of concentrations currently measured in human serum is associated to permanently increase prostate size. A 2009 study found that newborn rats exposed to low doses of BPA (10 g / kg) increased susceptibility prostate cancer as adults.
Sexual and reproductive behavior research
A series of studies conducted in 2009 are:
mouse ovarian abnormalities exposure as low as 1 g / kg, concluded that exposure to BPA causes long-term adverse reproductive and carcinogenic effects if prenatal exposure occurs during critical periods of differentiation.
neonatal exposure as low as 50 g / kg disrupts ovarian development in mice.
Neonatal BPA exposure as low as 50 g / kg permanently alters the estrogen-dependent hypothalamic mechanisms governing sexual behavior in the adult female rat.
Prenatal exposure to BPA level (10 g / kg / day) affects the differentiation of sexual behavior in male monkeys.
In the placenta JEG3 BPA cells in vitro can reduce estrogen synthesis.
BPA exposure disrupted the blood-testis barrier when administered to immature, but not the adult rats.
BPA exposure in the workplace can cause sexual dysfunction in adult male humans.
General Research
In 2009, at a meeting of the Endocrine Society new research data from experimental animals treated with BPA. The studies presented at the meeting group's annual show BPA can affect the hearts of women, can permanently damage the DNA of mice, and appear to be entering the human body in a variety of unknown sources.
A 2009 study in the cytotrophoblasts cells in vitro cytotoxic effects has been found in exposure doses of 0.0002 to 0.2 micrograms BPA per milliliter and concluded this finding "suggests that exposure of placental cells to low doses of BPA can cause harmful effects, leading to live adverse outcomes of pregnancy such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity and pregnancy loss "
A 2009 study in rats concluded that BPA, in the reference limit safe for human exposure, we found that the impact of intestinal permeability and may represent a risk factor in offspring females to develop severe inflammation of the colon in adults.
A 2010 study on mice has found that perinatal exposure to 10 micrograms / ml BPA in drinking water increases allergic sensitization and airway inflammation and responsiveness in an animal model of asthma.
Human studies
Lang study heart disease
The first comprehensive study of health effects in humans associated with bisphenol A exposure was published in September 2008 by Iain Lang and colleagues in the Journal of American Medical Association. The cross-sectional study of almost 1,500 people assessed exposure to bisphenol A by looking at the chemical levels in the urine. The authors found that the increase of bisphenol A were significantly associated with heart disease, diabetes and abnormal levels elevated liver enzymes. An editorial in the same issue points out that while this preliminary study should be confirmed and can not prove causation, no record similar effects in animal studies, that "add [s] biological plausibility to the results reported by Lang et al."
A subsequent similar study performed by the same group of scientists, published in January 2010, confirmed, despite the low concentrations of BPA in the sample of the second study, a major risk heart disease, but not for diabetes or liver enzymes.
Other studies
Studies have associated recurrent miscarriage with serum concentrations GAP, inflamattion oxidative stress in postmenopausal women with urinary, externalizing behaviors in children of two years, especially among girls, with urinary concentrations of the mother, and altered hormone levels in men with urinary concentrations.
Historical studies
The first evidence of the estrogenicity of bisphenol A came from experiments with rats out in the 1930's, but it was not until 1997 that the adverse effects of exposure at low doses in laboratory animals was recorded for the first time.
Low-dose exposure in animals
Dose (g / kg / day)
Effects (measured in studies of mice or rats,
descriptions (in quotes) are from the Environmental Working Group)
Study Year
0.025
"Permanent changes in the genital tract "
2005
0.025
"The changes in breast tissue that predispose cells to hormones and carcinogens"
2005
1
long-term adverse reproductive and carcinogenic effects
2009
2
"The increase in prostate weight of 30%"
1997
2
"Lower body weight gain, anogenital distance in both genders, signs of precocious puberty and more heat."
2002
2.4
"Decrease in testicular testosterone"
2004
2.5
"Breast cells predisposed to cancer
2007
10
"Prostate cells more sensitive to hormones and cancer"
2006
10
"Decreased behavior maternal "
2002
30
"Inverted normal sex differences in brain structure and behavior"
2003
50
Adverse neurological effects occur in nonhuman primates
2008
50
Altera ovarian development
2009
A 2008 study found that levels bisphenol A in blood of newborn mice are the same if injected or swallowed. The current limit of U.S. human exposure set by the EPA is 50 g / kg / day.
Xenoestrogen
No evidence that bisphenol A acts as a xenoestrogen to bind strongly to estrogen-related receptor (ERR). This receptor orphan (unknown endogenous ligand) behaves as a constitutive activator of transcription. BPA appears to bind strongly to ERR (dissociation constant = 5.5 nM), but not to the estrogen receptor (ER). ERR-binding BPA retains its basal constitutive activity. You can also protect the deactivation of the modulator selective estrogen receptor 4 hydroxytamoxifen.
different expression of ERR in various parts of the body may account for variations of bisphenol A effects. For example, ERR-is found in high concentrations in the placenta, explaining the high reports of bisphenol A accumulation in this tissue.
Human exposure sources
The Bisphenol A has been known to leach from the plastic lining of canned foods and to a lesser extent, [citation needed] polycarbonate plastics, especially which are cleaned with harsh detergents or used to contain acidic or high temperature liquids. A recent Health Canada study found that most cans of soda that had tested low, but measurable levels of bisphenol A. This exposure through metal cans due to the fact that BPA is an ingredient in inner lining of the food and beverage cans to protect food from direct contact with the metal. Although most human exposure is through diet, Exposure can also occur through air and through skin absorption.
BPA is found in high concentration in thermal paper, which is used to print receipts at vending machines, and carbonless copy paper.
Studies by the CDC found bisphenol A in the urine of 95% of adults 19,881,994 sampled and 93% of children and adults tested at 200,304. Babies fed with liquid formula are among the most exposed, and fed formula from polycarbonate bottles can consume up to 13 micrograms of bisphenol A per kg of body weight per day (g / kg / day, see table below). Animal studies show effects much more sensitive to lower doses, while the EPA considers exposures up to 50 g / kg / day to be sure. In 2009, a study found that drinking from polycarbonate bottles increased urinary levels of bisphenol A by two-thirds, from 1.2 micrograms g creatinine / a 2 micrograms / Gram of creatinine.
Consumer groups recommend that people wishing to reduce their exposure to bisphenol A to avoid canned foods and polycarbonate plastic containers (Which shares the identification code of the resin 7 with many other plastics) unless the package indicates that the plastic is BPA free. The National Group Toxicology to avoid foods in the microwave in plastic containers, putting plastic in the dishwasher or use harsh detergents, to prevent leaching.
A small U.S. study, 2009 funded by the EWG has detected an average of 2.8 ng / mL of BPA in the blood of 9 of the 10 umbilical cords tested.
In the U.S. and Canada, the BPA has been found in liquid infant formula at concentrations ranging from 0.48 to 11 ng / g. BPA has been rarely found in preparations powdered infant formula (only 1 of 14).
Population
Dear bisphenol A day of admission, g / kg / day.
Table adapted from National Toxicology Expert Panel Report.
Child (06 months)
formula-fed
111
Child (06 months)
fed milk
0.21
Children (612 months)
1.6513
Child (1.56 years)
0.04314.7
Adults
0.0081.5
Pharmacokinetics
There is no agreement among scientists BPA PBPK model for humans. The effects of BPA in an organization depends on the amount of free BPA is available to cells and time are exposed to it. Glucuronidation in the body reduces the amount of free BPA, BPA glucuronide can however deconjugated beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme present in high concentrations in the placenta and other tissues. BPA-free can also be inactivated by sulfation, a process that can also be reversed by arylsulfatase C.
A 2009 study found that some drugs such as naproxen, salicylic acid, carbamazepine, and mefenamic acid may, in vitro, inhibits significant glucuronidation of BPA.
Environmental Risk
BPA can pollute the environment either directly or through the degradation of products containing BPA, as the oceanic plastic garbage.
As an environmental contaminant this compound interferes with nitrogen fixation in the roots of legumes associated with the symbiotic bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti. Despite a soil half-life of only 110 days, its ubiquity makes it an important pollutant. According to Middle Environment Canada, "the initial assessment suggests that at low levels, bisphenol A can harm fish and organisms over time. The studies also indicate that today can be found in municipal wastewater. "
A 2009 review of the biological impacts on wildlife plasticizers published Real Sociedad with a focus on annelids (both aquatic and terrestrial), molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish, amphibians and concluded that BPA has been shown to affect reproduction in all groups of animals studied to prevent the development of crustaceans and amphibians and to produce genetic aberrations.
Government and industry response
World Health Organization
Citing the uncertainty of potential adverse health effects of low dose exposure BPA, especially in the nervous system and behavior system, and also the differences of exposure of very young children, the WHO announced in November 2009 we organized an expert consultation in 2010 to assess the safety of BPA.
Australia and New Zealand
The Australia and New Zealand Food Safety (Food Standards Australia and New Zealand) sees no health risk to bisphenol A bottles if the manufacturers instructions are followed. The exposure levels are very low and pose no significant health risk. He added that the manufacturers are moving abroad to stop using BPA in baby bottles is a voluntary action and not the result of a specific action regulators.1] This suggests the use of glass bottles if parents have any concerns.
Canada
In April 2008, Health Canada considers that the chemical may pose a risk to infants and proposed to classify the substance as "toxic" to human health and the environment. "
After the release of this evaluation, the Canadian Health Minister Tony Clement announced the intention of Canada to prohibit the importation, sale and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing bisphenol A, due to security concerns, and investigate ways to reduce pollution of BPA baby formula packaged in metal cans. While the agency concluded that human exposure were less than levels believed to be unsafe, the margin of security was not sufficient for infants fed formula. About the same time, Wal-Mart announced it would immediately stop sales in all its stores in Canada food packaging, water bottles, sippy cups, and pacifiers containing bisphenol A, and it would remove baby bottles made with it in U.S. stores early 2009. Nalgene also announced it will stop using the chemical in their products, and Toys-R-Us said it also will stop selling baby bottles made of it. The Subsequent news reports showed many retailers to remove products from their shelves clean polycarbonate.
In 2006, Canadian regulators selected bisphenol A as one of 200 substances deserving of complete safety assessments, because preliminary studies have found that it is "inherently toxic", the product chemical had not been previously studied them in depth, has been accepted, at recitals grandfather when stricter regulations were passed in the 1980's.
The federal government has formally declared bisphenol A a dangerous substance in October 2008 and is now in its list of toxic substances. Health officials, wrote in the Canada Gazette that "it is concluded that bisphenol A be considered as a substance that may be entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or human health. "The federal ministries of health and the environment said they are looking restrict imports, sales and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing BPA.
Gc.ca In his statement released October 18, 2008, Health Canada said isphenol that exposure to newborns and infants is below levels that cause effects, and the eneral public need not worry.
Europe
European Union
The 2008 update of the European Union risk assessment of bisphenol A, released in June 2008 by the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that bisphenol A-based products such as polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, are safe for consumers and the environment when used as intended. In October 2008, after the study was published Lang, the EFSA issued a final statement that the study did not reason to revise the current TDI (tolerable daily intake) the level of BPA of 0.05 mg / kg of body weight.
A 2009 scientific study of risk assessment European processes of endocrine disruptors, including BPA.
On December 22, 2009, EU ministers for the Environment issued a statement expressing concern by recent studies showing adverse effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors.
EFSA plans to launch a new opinion on BPA in May 2010.
Denmark
In May 2009 the Danish Parliament passed a resolution to ban the use of BPA in baby bottles. However, this has not yet been promulgated in December 2009, because the Danish Minister of Public Health aims to further evidence of the harmful effects of BPA.
France
On July 27, 2009, members French senator proposed legislation to ban BPA plastics RDSE used as food containers.
On 05 February 2010, the French Food Safety (AFSSA) questioned previous assessments of the health risks of BPA, especially in regard to the behavioral effects observed in rat pups after exposure in utero and during the first months of life.
Germany
On September 19, 2008, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Risikobewertung Bundesinstitut fr, BfR) reported that there was no reason to change current risk assessment of bisphenol A on the basis of the study of Lang.
In October 2009, German environmental organization Bund fr Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland requested a ban on BPA for products for children, especially the nipples and products that contact food. In response, some manufacturers voluntarily removed the pacifier market problems.
Netherlands
On 6 November 2008 Dutch Organization and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) said in a newsletter that polycarbonate plastic bottles do not release concentrations BPA measurable and therefore are safe to use.
Switzerland
In February 2009 the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, based on reports from health agencies, indicated that the intake of bisphenol A in food poses no risk to consumers, including newborns and infants. However, in the same sentence recommended for the proper use of polycarbonate bottles and alternatives in the list.
United Kingdom
In December 2009 in response to a letter from a group of seven scientists urged the UK Government to dopt a view consistent with the approach taken by other governments that have ended the use of BPA in products marketed food contact in children150] the UK Food Standards Agency reaffirms its view that in January 2009 Xposure UK consumers to BPA from all sources, including materials contact with food, well below levels considered harmful.
United States
September 2008
In September, the National Toxicology Program completed its report on bisphenol A, the search for "some concern" midpoint of a five-level scale, the children were at risk exposure to the chemical.
At that time, the FDA said that the current limits of consumers were safe, but convened an external panel experts to discuss the matter. Lang's study was also released that month, and David Melzer, a co-author of the study, presented the results of the study before FDA panel.
The editorial accompanying the JAMA study published Lang criticized the FDA's assessment of bisphenol A: "A fundamental problem is that the current ADI [acceptable daily intake] for BPA is based on experiments conducted in the 1980s using outdated methods (only very high doses were tested) and insensitive assays. Recent findings of independent scientists were rejected by the FDA, apparently because the researchers did not test guidelines obsolete for environmental chemicals, whereas studies testing outdated, insensitive (especially studies funded chemical industry) are given more weight to the conclusion that BPA is not harmful at current exposure levels. "
The Union of Concerned Scientists Concerned also criticized the agency saying, "We are concerned that the FDA based its conclusion on two studies, while downplaying the results of hundreds of other studies .... This seems to be a case of cherry-picking data with potentially high cost to human health. "
By contrast, the American Chemistry Council, a group of manufacturing industry in the lobby, was skeptical that the latest study.
March 2009
Sunoco, a producer of gas and chemicals is now refusing to sell the chemical to companies for use in food containers and water for children under 3 years, saying no one can be sure of security the compound. Sunoco plans to require its customers to ensure that the chemical is not used in food products for children.
The six major U.S. companies they sell bottles decided to stop using bisphenol A in their products. Suffolk County, New York ban baby beverage containers made with bisphenol A.
In March 13 leaders of the House and Senate proposed legislation to ban bisphenol A.
In the same month, Rochelle Tyl, author of two studies used by the FDA for affirm the safety of BPA in August 2008, said those studies did not say that BPA is safe because they were not designed to cover all aspects of the effects of the chemical.
May 2009
Among the first jurisdictions in the U.S. to adopt rules to limit or ban BPA Minnesota and Chicago. Minnesota Regulation comes into force in 2010, "the manufacturers ... for children that contain BPA can not sell in the state after January 1, 2010. The ban extends to all retailers in the state one year later. "The affected products are known as baby cups and baby bottles. The city of Chicago passed a similar ban shortly thereafter. The coverage of the Chicago ban in the news bitterly opposed by the industry. An article in the Chicago Tribune said an uphill battle to pass legislation, "[industry officials] used the FDA's position on the issue when they tried to block the measure of the city." There is further that
that the FDA is still recalcitrant and very slow about taking any action on BPA, said Alderman. Manny Flores (1 º), who co-sponsored Chicago far with the Councilwoman. Edward Burke.
Chicago bans the sale after 2010 of any food or drink containing the empty container that is intended to BPA use by children under 3 years old.
Burke and Flores pushed through the measure after reversing from a more aggressive that have been banned almost any children's product that was made with the chemical. However, the chemical industry fought to prevent wide ban recovery including the hiring of former Councilman. Terry Gabinski to lobby against it. The American Chemistry Council trade group said in a written statement calling [The] vote nwarranted ..
In May 2009, the Washington Post accused the manufacturers of food and beverage containers and some of its biggest customers trying to conceive relations public and lobbying to block the government's strategy ban BPA.
June 2009
In June 2009, the FDA announced its decision to reconsider the values safety of BPA.
Connecticut was the first U.S. state to ban BPA from infant formula and baby food containers as well as any reusable food and drink containers.
July 2009
Development of California Environmental Protection Agency and reproductive toxicant identification Committee voted unanimously against the placement of bisphenol A on the state list of chemicals that are believed to cause reproductive harm. The panel, although concerned with scientific research showing the increasing BPA reproductive harm in animals, found that there were insufficient data on effects humans. Critics point to the same panel failed to add second-hand smoke to the list until 2006, and the chemistry just was added to the list the last three years.
August 2009
On 3 August, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health recommends mothers to take steps to prevent possible health impact on children. Mothers with children up to two years of age is recommended to limit exposure to avoid products that may contain BPA, such as plastic beverage bottles and other plastics materials recycling codes of 7 to 3.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, as part of an ongoing series of research on BPA and its effects, revealed the plans of the Society of the Plastics Industry to run a barrage of public relations to promote the BPA, including plans to attack and discredit people who complain or comment negatively on the monomer and its effects.
September 2009
On 29 September, the U.S. Agency Environmental Protection announced it is evaluating BPA, and five other chemicals, to develop the plan of action.
October 2009
On 28 October, the NIH announced 30 million U.S. dollars in incentive grants to study the health effects of BPA. This money is expected to result in many peer-reviewed counterparts.
November 2009
Consumer Reports magazine published an analysis of BPA content in some canned foods and beverages, where in specific cases the contents of a can of food may overcome the current FDA Acceptable Daily cumulative exposure.
January 2010
On 15 January, the FDA expressed its "concern" the average level in the range of concerns about the possible effects of BPA on the brain, behavior and prostate gland in fetuses, infants and children small, and announced it was taking steps to reduce human exposure to BPA in the food supply. However, the FDA does not recommend that families to change the use of infant formula or food, as it believes that the benefit of a stable source of good nutrition to counter the potential risk of exposure BPA.
On the same day the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Freedom of information for parents to reduce children's exposure to BPA.
Of February 2010
According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, which supported a ban on BPA, after lobbyists for the chemical industry met Administration officials, delays in the BPA EPA regulation and does not include the chemical in the action plan launched on December 30, 2009.
Many U.S. states is considering some kind of ban on BPA.
See also
Look up a bisphenol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Food contact materials
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)
References
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^ EC Dodds and W. Lawson, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 125, # 839 (27-IV-1938), pp 222232.
Abc ^ Mittelstaedt, Martin (07/04/2007). "'Inherently toxic' chemical faces its future." Http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070406.wbisphenolA0407/BNStory/National/ Globe & Mail. Retrieved on 04/07/2007.
^ This table is adapted from: GTA, 2007. "Many studies confirm BPA's toxicity at low doses over a wide range of effects toxic, "Environment Working Group Report: A Survey of Bisphenol A in U.S. Canned Foods. Retrieved November 4, 2007 in http://www.ewg.org/node/20941. All the studies included in this table when it is considered by the group CEHRH must be at least moderately useful for evaluating the risk of BPA on human reproduction.
Soto ^ CM Markey, PR Wadia, BS Rubin, C Sonnenschein, AM (2005). "Long term effects of fetal exposure to low doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A in the genital tract of women in the Mouse Biol Reprod 72 (6 ):... 134,451 doi:. 10.1095/biolreprod.104.036301 http://www.biolreprod PMID 15689538 .. org / cgi / pmidlookup? view = long = 15689538 and PMID.
^ Munoz de Toro M, Markey CM, Wadia PR, et al (2005). "Perinatal exposure to bisphenol-A alters peripubertal mammary gland development in mice. "Endocrinology 146 (9): 413,847. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0340. PMID 15919749. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15919749.
^ SC Nagel, FS vom Saal, KA Thayer, MG Dhar, M Boechler, WV Welshons (1997). "Access on serum binding affinity of modified (RBA-SMA) assay predicts relationship in vivo bioactivity of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and octylphenol. "Environment. Health Perspect. 105 (1): 706. doi: 10.2307/3433065. PMID 9074884.
^ Honma S, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, Katsu Y, Watanabe H, Iguchi T (2002). "Effect of low doses of in utero exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on reproduction female mouse "Reprod Toxicol 16 (2 ):... 11,722 doi:. 10.1016/S0890-6238 (02) 00006-0 PMID 11955942 http://linkinghub.elsevier ... com/retrieve/pii/S0890623802000060.
^ Akingbemi BT, Sottas CM, Koulov AI, Klinefelter GR, Hardy MP (2004). "Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen Bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic gene expression of the enzyme in cells rat Leydig "Endocrinology 145 (2). 592603 doi: 10.1210/en.2003-1174 PMID 14605012 http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view ... = = long PMID 14605012.
^ Murray TJ Soto, MV Maffini, AA Ucci, C Sonnenschein, AM (2007). "The induction of mammary gland hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ after bisphenol A fetal exposure. "Reprod. Toxicol. 23 (3): 38,390. Doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.10.002. PMID 17123778. PMC 1987322. Http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0890-6238 (06) 00.263-2.
^ Ho SM, Tang WY, Belmonte de Frausto J GS, Prins (2006). "The entrance of the development of estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4 "Cancer Res 66 (11 ):... 562,432 doi:. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516 PMID 16740699 PMC http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup .. 2276876 ? view = long PMID = 16740699.
^ PL Palanza, Howdeshell KL, Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS (2002). "The exposure to low doses of bisphenol A during fetal life or in adulthood alters maternal behavior in mice. "Environment. Health Perspect. 110 Suppl 3: 41,522. PMID 12060838. PMC 1241192. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/suppl-3/415-422palanza/abstract.html.
^ Kubo K, Arai S, Omura M, Watanabe R, R Ogata, S AOU (2003). "Effects Low doses of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in rats. "Neurosci. Res 45 (3): 34,556. doi: 10.1016/S0168-0102 (02) 00251-1. PMID 12631470. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010202002511.
^ Taylor JA, Welshons WV, Vom Saal FS (February 2008). "No effect of route exposure (oral, subcutaneous injection) on plasma bisphenol A throughout 24 hours after administration in neonatal female mice "Play Toxicol 25 (2): 16,976 doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.01.001 ..... PMID 18295446. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238 (08) 00002-6. Retrieved on 05/05/2008.
^ EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. Oral RfD Assessment Information System Risk bisphenol A. integrated.
Abcd ^ Matsushima A, Kakuta Y, Teramoto T, Koshiba T, Liu X, Okada M, Tokunaga T, Kawabata S, Kimura M, Y Shimohigashi (Oct. 2007). "The structural evidence of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A link to human health from nuclear receptor ERR gamma. J. Biochem. 142 (4): 51,724. Doi: 10.1093/jb/mvm158. PMID 17761695.
^ Y Takeda, Liu X, Sumiyoshi M, Matsushima A, M Shimohigashi, and Shimohigashi (July 2009). "The placenta express the greatest amount of bisphenol A receptor ERR {gamma} between human reproductive tissues: the predominant expression of type-1 isoform ERRgamma "J. Biochem 146 (1): .. 11,322 doi: .. 10.1093/jb/mvp049 PMID 19304792.
^ "Environmental Working Group." http://www.ewg.org/reports/bisphenola. Retrieved on 2007-03-07.
^ Health Canada. "Survey of bisphenol A in canned beverage products." http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_survey-enquete-can-eng.php. Retrieved on 13/03/2009.
^ Lang IA Galloway TS, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace, Robert B, Melzer, D (2008). Association of bisphenol A's urinary concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. "JAMA 300 (300): 1303. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.11.1303. PMID 18799442. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content / full/300.11.1303.
^ Fukazawa, H., Hoshino, K., Shiozawa, T., Matsushita, H., Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol A in water of paper recycling plant waste. "Chemosphere 44 (5): 973,979. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535 (00) 00507-5. PMID 11513431. Edition
^ Raloff, Janet (07/10/2009). Concerned about BPA: check your receipts. "Society for Science and the public. Http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48084/title/Concerned_about_BPA_Check_your_receipts. Retrieved on 07/10/2009.
^ Gehring, Martin; Tennhardt, L. Vogel, D., Weltin, D., Bilitewski, B. (2004) (PDF). Bisphenol A contamination of wastepaper, Pulp and recycled paper products. Waste Management and the Environment II. WIT Transactions on Ecology and Environment, vol. 78. WIT Press. http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/ ~ Gehring/deutsch/dt/vortr/040929ge.pdf. Retrieved on 15/10/2009. Position summary.
^ Calafat AM, Kuklenyi ... About the Author

I am Frbiz Site writer, reports some information about mosquito repellent deet , preventive pest control.

Direct Marketing Association's Marketer of the Year Award

DMA 2011 Statistical Fact Book: The Definitive Source for Direct Marketing Benchmarks $470.00 PLEASE NOTE: The pictures you see above are my scans. ISBN: 9780983379102. ***DMA 2011 Statistical Fact Book: The definitive Source for Direct Marketing Benchmarks*** Coptright February 2011 by Direct Marketing Association, Inc.. 166 Numbered pages....

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Target direct mail according to 'distance from the branch'.(Marketing News): An article from: Bank Marketing $5.95 This digital document is an article from Bank Marketing, published by Bank Marketing Assn. on November 1, 2003. The length of the article is 519 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.Citation DetailsTitle: Targ...

Having Great Direct Mail Promotions

Are you an entrepreneur who wants to see an increase in corporate profits? If so, you need to focus to retain existing customers and acquiring new ones. To do this, you may want to think about using direct mail promotions to your advantage, especially those that focus on incentives. No matter how big or small your business, you should be able to benefit from the use of direct mail promotions.

If you are considered a new business owner, are not yet familiar with many of the marketing and advertising approaches to use, such as promotions direct mail. While direct mail promotions often take a number of different formats, which are the promotions that are sent directly to the general public or your target market. The most common types of direct mail promotions are sent by mail or sent in emails.

As already stated promotions, direct mail are ideal if you are the incentives. Incentives direct mail promotions are promotions that promise to its customers an incentive, as a free product or discount for doing business with you. In the United States, different businesses are based on different promotional gifts. For example, it is common find vacation certificates and popular merchandise reward those who go forward with a direct mail promotion. Despite having a number of different options in terms of promotional gifts, you may want to put a focus on vacation certificates.

Vacation certificates are ideal for promotions direct mail. For example, if you were to offer their customers a free vacation certificate, like a cruise for a free or discounted, it is a good opportunity Vacation certificates will attract the attention of those who receive direct mail promotions. If consumers who had never heard of your business before, there is a good chance that you take the time to look and what it has to offer. This is how vacation certificates are really effective. It's really amazing the amount of interest they can generate.

Speaking of the amount of interest that many vacation certificates as incentives for customers to create, you may wonder why they are so popular. The promise of vacation certificates sounds appealing to many consumers. Due to the high costs of travel, many people now only dream of taking a family vacation or romantic getaways. With a vacation certificate, consumers may not have to dream any longer. The possibility to get a free holiday or even just a discount is enough for many to start doing business with you.

If you decide that vacation certificates are what is used as an incentive for its direct mail promotions, you find that you have many vacation certificates to choose from. For example, you may find Vacation certificates that are designed for cruises, airline reservations, hotels, resorts, and gasoline. In addition to free vacations or agreements free vacation, you can also find coupon books or books rental discounts are so attractive to many consumers.

Another of the many reasons why you should incorporate incentive programs, namely, those that focus on vacation certificates in their direct mail promotions is because it is easy to do. In fact, you do not even have to do all the work yourself. A large number of business owners, like you, decide to use the services of an advertising agency promotion. An advertising agency to promote not only can help you decide which direct mail promotions can benefit most, but can also help choose the most "Buzz", generation of promotional gifts, such as vacation certificates.

If you decide you'd like to manage their own direct mail promotions and incentive programs, you still have to find a company incentive program for business. This type are companies that can offer discount promotional gifts, including media goods, towels, energy, and a wide range of vacation certificates. In his quest, is likely to be found and like what the Infinity Incentive Group has to offer, as many business owners like you have in the past.

About the Author

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Direct Mail - a personal touch

Most people enjoy receiving mail (with the exception of those pesky bills, of course). It is a methods of our oldest and most reliable way to remain in contact with the outside world. With the constant barrage of noise, such as ringing phones, talking pop-up windows and e-mail reminders that we have come to associate with the communication, the mail is nice quiet and happily tangible. This is the subtle touch personal direct mail makes a positive choice in methods of advertising.

Reaching people in their homes can be a challenge. Television and radio ads can be over-the-top and repetitive, making a potential customer to feel harassed or rushed during peak hours instead of interest. These advertisers must also address the challenges of television and radio, have to force the necessary amount of information in a few seconds, while still keeping the attention of viewer. Direct mail avoids this problem entirely. Although space is a factor, the written word can communicate more smoothly and efficiently and promote a higher rate Retention for the reader that a commercial speed of execution. With the added benefit of potential customers have a physical reference to return him, this marketing method can offer advertisers an advantage. The presence of a print ad also serves as a reminder to potential customers, enabling them maintain business information in one central location for easy reference when theyre ready to call, instead of having to wait for a return to notice air.

The personal touch that comes with receiving mail cannot be discounted in the market today. A traveler received by mail and placed on the door the refrigerator can be as effective as a billboard. Add a sense of personal recommendation and credence to claims of value. This also lends itself to advertising mouth, which speaks louder than paper. People feel more comfortable when recommendations come from solid sources, either a neighbor or friend, or a postcard that you can refer to when searching for information.

The cost is always a factor in advertising, and small businesses that form the heart and soul of our economy, flashy ads and announcements roadside giants arent always the most feasible or efficient to reach the customer. With direct mail, business Not only can reach their customers highly valued, but may do so at a fraction of the cost of producing television and radio ads, or pay for advertising space in a newspaper. Local businesses can benefit by engaging customers, while using the money on advertising to expand its offerings and improve its services.

In today's economy, growing business is vital to our recovery as a nation. Business owners must find more efficient and cost-effective means to reach consumers. Any opportunity to reach new customers should be taken and used to the fullest extent. Television and radio are valuable, but expensive, and competition for the viewer's attention can undermine the message of the advertisers are trying to relay. Direct mail offers a cheaper alternative and a range of possibilities to reach consumers that go beyond the impersonal feeling of some of the most common methods of advertising.

About the Author

Lawrence Reaves thinks Conquest Graphics is a great online resource for postcard printing and other direct mail needs.

In Her Shoes Video Series - Sandi Webster Part 1

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